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Michael Freeden
Michael Freeden is a professor of Political Ideology in the University of Nottingham's Politics and International Relations department.〔http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/politics/news/2012/professor-michael-freeden-joins-the-school.aspx〕 He is also the founding editor of the Journal of Political Ideologies. He was previously an academic at the University of Oxford.
==Study of ideologies==
Freeden has been noted for his analysis of contemporary ideologies. He has rejected the traditional definition of ideologies, which sees the latter as static "belief systems", and instead bases his analysis on modern semantics. Ideologies – just like languages – consist of certain concepts whose meaning may change and evolve over time. The specific relations between ideological concepts may thus be analyzed by being set in their respective semantic fields.
Each ideology may be seen as having both "core" concepts (that is, those of the of highest importance, e.g. ''class conflict'' in Marxism or ''freedom'' in liberalism) and "peripheral" (or secondary) concepts. Concepts may gain or lose importance over time, just as new concepts may emerge (or be borrowed from other ideologies) or fall out of use entirely. Different ideologies may thus give different meanings to the same term (for instance, a concept such as ''equality'' will have a material definition in Marxism, while in liberalism it will rather have a legal and political importance). Concepts are thus defined by their relation to other concepts. According to Freeden, it is precisely these conceptual relations that should attract our attention, as they will be likely to evolve in the long term.
By studying the conceptual evolution of ideologies, Freeden observes that the relative "political success" of an ideology depends on its ability to impose the belief that its own conceptual definitions are the "correct ones". This thus gives rise to a form of "conceptual competition", in which each ideology performs a continuous "decontestation" of its concepts – that is, it tries to eliminate all possible contestation of its own conceptual definitions, thereby rejecting competing definitions (Marxism will thus reject ''private property'' as a product of the exploitative nature of capitalism, just as liberalism may view ''state intervention'' as an infringement of individual freedoms). Not only is this decontestation the product of an ''inter''-ideological competition (between ideologies), but it is also the product of an ''intra''-ideological competition (within ideologies): hence the success of Hayek's form of neoliberalism during the 1980s, or of the Marxist-Leninist trend in the 1920s.
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